[56], Livingstone's figures on slaves have however been criticised as highly exaggerated. Then with 114 Kololo men, loaned by the same chief, he set off east down the Zambezi. They left on 10 March, at Freetown collected twelve Kru seafarers to man the river steamer, and reached the Zambezi on 14 May. David Duncan Livingston Photography captures a corner in a living room displaying a white curved sofa with gray chevron pillows. He is mostly known for his involvement in the writing and production of the various modern Star Trek franchises. "I am not yet fairly on with the Government," he told a friend, "but am nearly quite off with the Society (LMS)." [83], Livingstone made geographical discoveries for European knowledge. The Arabs attacked the shoppers and Kimburu's people. After the completion of his book, Livingstone spent six months speaking all over the British Isles. He brought the ships downriver in 1864 after the government ordered the recall of the expedition. Joseph Capelletti offers multiple wedding and event photography services from his base in Salt Lake City, Utah. [46], While he negotiated with the government for his new position as Consul, the LMS thought that he would return to Africa with their mission to the Kololo in Barotseland, which Livingstone had promoted. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the Hugh Masekela song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, Colonial Man. 'Livingstone (pictured) was like a man that had three wives, and yet none of them were women,' they liked to say. Hannah Cram (42) Mandy Mccarty (28) Chelsea Vick (22) Sandra Hall (20) 16. David Duncan Livingston is a professional photographer based in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has been married to Dorothy Livingston since 23 August 2013. Portrait photography for editorial media, firm marketing and the unlimited uses of social media now take on softer and more welcoming and engaging viewpoints. Upon finding the Lualaba River, Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the Nile River; but realised that it in fact flowed into the River Congo at Upper Congo Lake. "David Livingstone 18131873: a centenary assessment.". [11][12][13] His fathers family was from the island of Ulva, off the west coast of Scotland. David Gray | The News Andre Redditt, 27 Photo from Livingston Parish Sheriff's Office A St. Gabriel police officer accused of breaking into a home and fatally shooting a Denham Springs man just. Livingstone attended Blantyre village school, along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so despite their 14-hour workday (6 am8 pm). David Livingston. Prior to joining government, Mr. Livingston previously worked at the Eurasia Group, a consultancy, focusing on energy, climate, trade and technology issues, and as a non-resident senior fellow of the Atlantic Council. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. While talking about the slave trade in East Africa in his journals: To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility.[80]. His arm healed, enabling him to shoot and lift heavy weights, though it remained a source of much suffering for the rest of his life, and he was not able to lift the arm higher than his shoulder. Prior to joining government, Mr.Livingstonpreviously worked at the Eurasia Group, a consultancy, focusing on energy, climate, trade and technology issues, and as a non-resident senior fellow of the Atlantic Council. David Livingston Work Experience and Education. [65] Stanley's book suggests that this greeting was truly motivated by embarrassment, because he did not dare to embrace Livingstone. Livingstone recorded his accomplishments modestly but effectively in his Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (1857), which quickly sold more than 70,000 copies and took its place in publishing history as well as in that of exploration and missionary endeavour. When Stanley Met Livingstone. Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. It is 200 years since the birth of David Livingstone, perhaps the most famous of the missionaries to visit Africa in the 19th Century. Eventually he successfully reached Quelimane on the Indian Ocean, having mapped most of the course of the Zambezi river. As a medical doctor he treated the sick, earning him the necessary. ", Groop, Kim Stefan. Neil feared that science books were undermining Christianity and attempted to force his son to read nothing but theology, but David's deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the relationship between religion and science. David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary, doctor, abolitionist, and explorer who lived in the 1800s. He sought to bring Christianity, commerce, and civilization to Africa and undertook three extensive expeditions throughout much of the continent. The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: The mineral livingstonite is named in his honor. Updates? Livingstone's letters, books, and journals[56] did stir up public support for the abolition of slavery;[1] however, he became dependent for assistance on the very slave-traders whom he wished to put out of business. https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone, Boston University - School of Theology - History of Missiology - Biography of David Livingstone, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - David Livingstone, Christianity Today - Christian History - David Livingstone, South African History Online - David Livingstone, Electric Scotland - Biography of David Livingston, Undiscovered Scotland - Biography of David Livingstone, David Livingstone - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), David Livingstone - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on 10 November 1871,[64] apparently greeting him with the now famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone resigned from the London Missionary Society in 1857, and in May of that year he was appointed as Her Majesty's Consul with a roving commission, extending through Mozambique to the areas west of it. Your Miracle Is Here is available now for$10.00 (reg. Doubtful if I live to see you again"[62][63]. ", Shepperson, George. Custom sizes and custom surfaces are available. They reached Chibisa's and the Murchison Cataracts in April, then began dismantling Lady Nyasa and building a road to take its sections past the cataracts, while explorations continued.[52][53]. [39], Livingstone advocated the establishment of trade and religious missions in central Africa, but abolition of the African slave trade, as carried out by the Portuguese of Tete and the Arab Swahili of Kilwa, became his primary goal. [18][22], On beginning his clinical training in January 1840, he returned to Mrs. Sewell's missionary boarding house in Aldersgate, where he had stayed previously when in London. David Livingston is a Photographer at David Duncan Livingston based in Mill Valley, California. Producer: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The first of the Opium Wars (183942) put an end to his dreams of going to China, but a meeting with Robert Moffat, the notable Scottish missionary in southern Africa, convinced him that Africa should be his sphere of service. [77] Seventy-nine followers completed the journey, the men were paid their due wages, and Livingstone's remains were returned by ship to Britain for burial. [69]:20, Sechele was no different from any other man of his tribe in believing in polygamy. Previously, David was a Counsel at Barry Conge Har ris and also held positions at Chronicle Books, Burleson Cooke, FIMSA. Hutus involved in the Rwanda genocide called Tutsis cockroaches. The section on the massacre itself had only minor grammatical corrections. "The Nile sources", he told a friend, "are valuable only as a means of opening my mouth with power among men. In this volume, author Jane Livingston, former chief curator of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, defines this seminal episode in American photography by examining sixteen photographers and their influences, subjects, and stylistic earmarks. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He qualified as a Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on 16 November 1840 (in 1857 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty). He had run out of writing paper and had nearly run out of ink, so he improvised the materials for his diary by writing over an old copy of The Standard newspaper with ink made from the seeds of a local berry. These pictures are of my photography clients in San Francisco and Los Angeles. They visited and discussed the area called Mabotsa, Botswana,[25] near Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa. A song from American heavy metal band Alcatrazz called Jet to Jet from 1983's No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to Africa. 2 talking about this. After an arduous journey that might have wrecked the constitution of a lesser man, Livingstone reached Luanda on the west coast on May 31, 1854. David Livingstone was born to a poor working family in 1813 in Scotland. He and his brother John worked twelve-hour days as piecers, tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. By this time he had acquired those characteristics of mind and body that were to fit him for his African career. In order to take his Makololo followers back home and to carry out further explorations of the Zambezi, as soon as his health permittedon September 20, 1854he began the return journey. Service 4.5. Livingstone responded, "Yes", and then, "I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you." [66], Livingstone died on 1 May 1873 at the age of 60 in Chief Chitambo's village at Chipundu, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, in present-day Zambia, from malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery. David Livingstone, (born March 19, 1813, Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotlanddied May 1, 1873, Chitambo [now in Zambia]), Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa. David Livingstone Missionary-explorer of Africa " [I am] serving Christ when shooting a buffalo for my men or taking an observation, [even if some] will consider it not sufficiently or even at. On 15 July 1871, while still in Nyangwe, Livingstone witnessed a massacre of the . Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the African Great Lakes region when he was travelling there in 1866: We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. v. Sophus William, Berlin W. Summary Photograph of painting shows David Livingston, head-and-shoulders . Neil's father, also Neil, had been a tenant farmer on the island of Ulva, off Mull, who in 1792 had left with his wife and seven children for the cotton mills of central . His life was saved by Mebalwe diverting its attention by trying to shoot the lion. David Livingston . His most spectacular visit on this last leg of his great journey was to the thundering, smokelike waters on the Zambezi at which he arrived on November 16, 1855, and with typical patriotism named Victoria Falls after his queen. Cleanliness 4.6. This was the beginning of his lifelong association with the society, which continued to encourage his ambitions as an explorer and to champion his interests in Britain. There were also tensions between artisan missionaries engaged for lay expertise, and ordained missionaries. [16] He got no reply until invited to two interviews in August 1838. [68], Livingstone was known through a large part of Africa for treating the natives with respect, and the tribes that he visited returned his respect with faith and loyalty. Edinburgh: Maull & Polyblank, 1858. The Moody Blues 1968 single "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" paints the adventures of Livingstone, Captain Scott, and Columbus with the refrain "What did you find there? [8], Other significant influences in his early life were Thomas Burke, a Blantyre evangelist, and David Hogg, his Sunday school teacher. [87], While Livingstone had a great impact on the expansion of the British Empire, he did so at a tremendous cost to his family. David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville. His father was persuaded and, like many other students in Scotland, Livingstone was to support himself, with the agreement of the mill management, by working at his old job from Easter to October, outwith term time. Although he was brought up in the Calvinist faith of the established Scottish church, Livingstone, like his father, joined an independent Christian congregation of stricter discipline when he came to manhood. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. After he finally divorced the women, Livingstone baptised them all and everything went well. [56] In March 1869, Livingstone suffered from pneumonia and arrived in Ujiji to find his supplies stolen. Featured In LA Cover-to-Cover: The Hollywood Cure for Performance Meltdown: Take Two Aspirin and Call Dr. Livingston Current Workshop EMERGE 119 N. 2nd St., Coeur d'Alene, ID 83814 Monday Evenings at 6:00 In 1849 they crossed the Kalahari Desert and reached Lake Ngami. 395,506 David Livingston Premium High Res Photos Browse 395,506 david livingston stock photos and images available, or search for david livingstone or elizabeth turner to find more great stock photos and pictures. 1955, Interactive map of Dr. Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Livingstone&oldid=1142567872, Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with. This group and the medical missionaries it sponsored came to have major, positive impact on the people of Africa. And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together. In 1864 David Livingstone visited Nkhota kota again and met Jumbe. [73][74] That site, now known as the Livingstone Memorial,[75] lists his date of death as 4 May, the date reported (and carved into the tree's trunk) by Chuma and Susi; but most sources consider 1 Maythe date of Livingstone's final journal entryas the correct one. When Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal Geographical Society, put him in touch with the Foreign Secretary, Livingstone said nothing to the LMS directors, even when his leadership of a government expedition to the Zambezi seemed increasingly likely to be funded by the Exchequer. Livingstone was born on 19 March 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, Scotland, in a tenement building for the workers of a cotton factory on the banks of the River Clyde under the bridge crossing into Bothwell. Livingstone realized the route would be too difficult for future traders, so he retraced the journey back to Linyanti. Please contact David for any inquiries. [9] Livingstone's reading of missionary Karl Gtzlaff's Appeal to the Churches of Britain and America on behalf of China enabled him to persuade his father that medical study could advance religious ends. [20][21], Though Livingstone had responded to Gtzlaff's call for missionaries to China, the looming First Opium War made the LMS directors cautious about sending recruits there. His work and discoveries hadan important influence on Western attitudes toward Africa. The Pioneer was delayed getting down to the coast to meet them, and there were further delays after it was found that the Bishop had died. I said I believed he would, if he would not go to an old station, but would advance to unoccupied ground, specifying the vast plain to the north, where I had sometimes seen, in the morning sun, the smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionary had ever been. He was held in some esteem by many African chiefs and local people and his name facilitated relations between them and the British. He explored the Lualaba and, failing to find connections to the Nile, returned to Lake Bangweulu and its swamps to explore possible rivers flowing out northwards. Artist Thomas Baines was dismissed from the expedition. David Livingston . "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." [41] Livingstone was part of an evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain which during the 19th century helped change the national mindset from the notion of a divine right to rule 'lesser races', to more modernly ethical ideas in foreign policy. At the same time, his missionary travels, "disappearance", and eventual death in Africaand subsequent glorification as a posthumous national hero in 1874led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European "Scramble for Africa".[5]. "[8], He was excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work to the north of Bechuanaland, and by the hotly debated topic of Christianity and commerce. When the first Opium War broke out in September 1839, his plans changed, and Livingstone focused his ambitions on Africa instead. Corrections? "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". Did you meet anyone? A man who tried spearing it was attacked just before it dropped dead. In November 1871, journalist Henry Morton Stanley located the missing missionary David Livingstone in the wilds of Africa. [12][15], The London Missionary Society (LMS) was at the time the major organisation in the country for missionary work, and unlike others was open to Congregationalists. A welcoming style, a natur [65] As noted by his biographer Tim Jeal, Stanley struggled his whole life with a self-perceived weakness of being from a humble background, and manufactured events to make up for this supposed deficiency. News from and about him during the previous three years had stirred the imagination of English-speaking peoples everywhere to an unprecedented degree. Guests of this hotel . [citation needed] He filled in details of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, and the course of many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations enabled large regions to be mapped which previously had been blank. David crafted these first photos in the foothills of California. David Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in a dwelling building for cotton factory workers in Blantyre, Scotland, to Neil Livingstone and Agnes as their second child. Contemporary Casual u. verl. For these reasons, he accepted help and hospitality from 1867 onwards from Mohamad Bogharib and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as "Mpamari"), traders who kept and traded in slaves, as he recounts in his journals. This monotonous work was necessary to support his impoverished family, but it taught him persistence, endurance, and a natural empathy with all who labour, as expressed by lines that he used to hum from the egalitarian Rabbie Burns song: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".[a]. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." He applied to the LMS in October 1837, and in January was sent questions which he answered. [93] His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children. [18] [35], To improve his Tswana language skills and find locations to set up mission stations, Livingstone made journeys far to the north of Kolobeng with William Cotton Oswell. David Livingstone Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and one of the greatest European explorers of Africa, whose opening up the interior of the continent contributed to the 'Scramble for. Livingstone, David (1813-1873), explorer and missionary, was born on 19 March 1813 at Blantyre, Lanarkshire.He was the second son of Neil Livingstone (1788-1856) and his wife, Agnes (1782-1865), daughter of David Hunter. $12.00) and can be ordered directly from our online store. David was employed at the age of ten in the cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. in Blantyre Works. Only one of his 44 letter dispatches made it to Zanzibar. The Kwena tribe leader kept rainmaking a part of his life as well as polygamy. Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1937-1964" (1994). David Livingstone, the Scottish explorer, abolitionist and physician who is famous for being the first European to discover Victoria Falls, initially hoped to go to China as a missionary. He is a graduate of the University of Southern California and the University of Oxford, and is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering. In his absences, his children grew up missing their father, and his wife Mary (daughter of Mary and Robert Moffat), whom he married in 1845, endured very poor health, and died of malaria on 27 April 1862. He had five wives, including MmaKgari (SeTswana for mother of Kgari"), Mokgokong[70] and Masebele[71] When Livingstone told him to get rid of four of them, it shook the foundations of the Kwena tribe. He has been the photographer of seven books on home design. The London Missionary Society (LMS) on learning of his plans sent a letter which Livingstone received at Quelimane, congratulating him on his journey but said that the directors were "restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the Gospel". In that same expedition he became the first European to cross the width of the African continent. On 2 July 1839 he wrote to the LMS directors that the West Indies was by then well served by doctors, and he had always been attracted to other parts of the world rather than a settled pastorate. Excellent. David Livingston | David Duncan Livingston, editorial photographer for magazines and books. The way I approach portraiture photography is similar to how I approach interior photography: I thoughtfully place my subject in an impactful location and capture both the person and the setting for a layered story of person and place. 2023 DAVID DUNCAN LIVINGSTON. This suited his purpose of spreading the Gospel through native agents. By the summer of 1842, he had already gone farther north than any other European into the difficult Kalahari country and had familiarized himself with the local languages and cultures. [41][pagesneeded], After Livingstone left the Kwena tribe, Sechele remained faithful to Christianity and led missionaries to surrounding tribes as well as converting nearly his entire Kwena people. in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. [36] He heard of a river which could potentially become a "Highway" to the coast, and in August 1851 they reached the Zambezi which he hoped would be a "key to the Interior". In 1850, he was recognised by the Royal Geographical Society which presented him a chronometer watch for 'his journey to the great lake of Ngami'. V roku 1866 sa vydal hada prame rieky Nl, nikdy sa mu to vak nepodarilo. MA, LMFT. They reached the Portuguese city of Luanda on the Atlantic in May 1854 after profound difficulties and the near-death of Livingstone from fever. The plan was for both ships to take them up the river to establish bases, but it turned out to be completely impassable to boats past the Cahora Bassa rapids, a series of cataracts and rapids that Livingstone had failed to explore on his earlier travels. If anything will advance the interests of the kingdom, it shall be given away or kept, only as by giving or keeping it I shall promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my hopes in time and eternity."[85]. Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). His father died when Sechele was 10, and two of his uncles divided the tribe, which forced Sechele to leave his home for nine years. david@davidduncanlivingston.com, 415.383.0898david@davidduncanlivingston.com, David D Livingston | Fine Art Photography. His mettle was dramatically tested in 1844 when, during a journey to Mabotsa to establish a mission station, he was mauled by a lion. Many important missionaries, such as Leader Stirling and Miss Annie Allen, would later work for this group. David Livingstone was one of seven children born to poor, religious parents. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." I shoot these portraits on location in homes, offices and work environments. PH.D. F.S.A. Related searches: david livingstone elizabeth turner golden globe The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in, Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at. The experts, stuck at Shupanga, could not make the intended progress, and there were disagreements. Gooding, Philip. The book included his field science, and exceptionally sympathetic descriptions of African people. For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly on the move into the African interior: strengthening his missionary determination; responding wholeheartedly to the delights of geographic discovery; clashing with the Boers and the Portuguese, whose treatment of the Africans he came to detest; and building for himself a remarkable reputation as a dedicated Christian, a courageous explorer, and a fervent antislavery advocate. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa. Being a quick learner, Sechele learned the alphabet in two days and soon called English a second language. Starting as a young teen, David bought his first professional camera from his paper route earnings, then went about making his darkroom in a bedroom closet. Rhodesia has long since purged its name, but the cities of Livingstone (Zambia) and Livingstonia (Malawi) keep the explorer's appellation with pride. [56], Livingstone is known as "Africa's greatest missionary," yet he is recorded as having converted only one African: Sechele, who was the chief of the Kwena people of Botswana (Kwena are one of the main Sotho-Tswana clans, found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Botswana[66] in all three Sotho-Tswana language groupings). by J. Desmond Clark M.A. Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. Among other reasons, Sechele, by then the leader of the African tribe, did not like the way that Livingstone could not demand rain of his God like his rainmakers, who said that they could. David Livingstone foi um pastor que nasceu em Blantyre, a sul de Glasgow, em 19 de maro de 1813. He proposed that missions and "legitimate commerce" by river into central Africa would end slave trading. Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstones Life & Expeditions." [95], Papers relating to Livingstone's time as a London Missionary Society missionary (including hand-annotated maps of South East Africa) are held by the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies. He arrived at Lake Mweru on 8 November 1867 and continued on, travelling south to become the first European to see Lake Bangweulu. DavidLivingstonis a senior advisor in the office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, John Kerry. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. "[121] mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Despite modern Africans' animosity toward other Europeans, such as Cecil Rhodes, Livingstone endures as a heroic legend. "I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa.". Artist Website, Sculpture, Painting, Video art, Performance art, Contemporary Art, Fine Art, Artist, David Blaine Livingston [citation needed], Livingstone set out from the mouth of the Ruvuma river, but his assistants gradually began deserting him. [56] Following the end of the wet season, he travelled 240 miles (390km) from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika violently ill most of the way arriving on 23 October 1871. David M. Livingston, MD, FAACR, an internationally recognized expert on the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast and ovarian cancer, died Oct. 17, 2021, at the age of 80. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite young. Please select which sections you would like to print: William Robertson Professor Emeritus of Commonwealth and American History, University of Edinburgh. The chronicles of his travels have become a classic in exploration literature. From the age of 10, David had to work 14 hours a day in the cotton mill to help provide for his family. [26], In 1842 Livingstone went on two treks with African companions, the principals were mission members Paul and Mebalwe, a deacon. Henry Morton Stanley had been sent to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869. The resulting injury to his left arm was complicated by another accident, and he could never again support the barrel of a gun steadily with his left hand and thus was obliged to fire from his left shoulder and to take aim with his left eye. William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.
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